|
1
Joseph Downs and Ruth Ralston, A Loan Exhibition of New York
State Furniture with Contemporary Accessories (Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York, 1934), No. 49, p. 6.
2
Quoted in Richard Townley Haines Halsey and Charles O. Cornelius,
A Handbook of The American Wing, ed. Joseph Downs, 7th ed.
(Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1942), p. 91.
3
The New York Alcove paneling came from a typical
one-and-a-half-story Ulster County stone house with massive exposed
beams on the first floor as wide as the house. As currently
installed the wall paneling is reduced approximately seven feet in
width. Reproducing the missing paneling, beams, and wood ceiling was
considered but eventually ruled out as unfeasible.
4
The house was brought to the attention of the American Wing by the
antiques dealer Jonathan Trace.
5
For the discover of the Winne house see Anne Miller, "Sleuthing
Reveals a Dutch Master," Albany Times Union, March 5, 20903,
p. B1. The articles is available at
www.timesunion.com.
6
Quoted in Samuel George Nissenson, The Patroon's Domain
(1937; reprint Octagon Books New York, 1973), p. 28. For more on
Rensselaerswyck see
www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/na/rensselaerswyck.html.
7
For two earlier Van Rensselaer houses in the New York Dutch style,
Watervliet and Crailo, see Helen Wilkinson Reynolds, Dutch Houses
in the Hudson Valley before 1776 (Payson and Clarke and Holland
Soceity of New York, New York, 1929). Additional information on the
original patroon's house at Beverwyck can be found in Janny Venema,
Beverwijck: A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652-1664
(Verloren, Hilversum, Netherlands, and State University of New York
Press, Albany, 2003), pp. 83-84 and pp. 210-214. For more on Crailo,
see Shirley W. Dunn, "Settlement Patterns in Rensselaersijck: Crailo
at Greenbush," de Halve Maen, Magazine of the Dutch Colonial
Period in America, vol. 75 (Fall 2002), pp. 49-56.
8
Peter R. Christoph, "Daniel Peter Winne, 1720-1800, 4th Generation,"
report submitted to Peter M. Kenny, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
August 26, 2003, p. 1, curatorial files, department of American
decorative arts, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
9
Peter R. Christoph, "Pieter Winne the Fleming," report submitted to
Peter M. Kenny, Metropolitan Museum of Art, July 7, 2003, pp. 2 and
3, ibid.
10
Roderic H. Blackburn, "The Peter Winne House at Bethlehem, New York:
A Site Report," Dutch Barn Preservation Society Newsletter,
vol. 12 (Fall 1999), pp. 1-7.
11
Ibid, p. 2. Blackburn illustrates a different, undated photograph of
the house on p. 1. In 1676 a local ordinance at Albany mandated the
size and materials of houses as follows: "All new buildings fronting
in the street shall be substantial dwelling houses, not less than
two rooms deep and note less than eighteen feet wide, being built in
the front of brick and quarry stone and covered with tiles" (quoted
in Clifford W. Zink, "Dutch Framed Houses in New York and New
Jersey," Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 22 [Winter 1987], pp.
280-281).
12
North Holland houses with overhanging gables are illustrated in Jaap
Schipper, "Rural Architecture: The Zaan Region of the Province of
North Holland" in New World Dutch Studies, Dutch Arts and Culture
in Colonial America, 1609-1776, ed. Roderic H. Blackburn and
Nancy A. Kelley (Albany Institute of History and Art, 1987), pp.
173-175.
13
Venema, Beverwijck, p. 441.
14
Schipper, "Rural Architecture," p. 175.
15
Quote in Henk J. Zantkuyl, "The New Netherland Town House: How and
Why it Works," in New World Dutch Studies, Dutch Arts and Culture
in Colonial America, 1609-1776, pp. 151-152.
16
Quoted ibid, p. 156.
17
Edward R. Cook and William J. Callahan, "Tree-Ring Dating of the
Dismantled Timbers of the Daniel Pieter Winne House, Bethlehem, New
York, January, 2004," in Hartgen Archeological Associates, "Report
on the Archeological Investigation of the Daniel P. Winne House,"
submitted to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, March 2004, pp. 4, 7.
Curatorial files, department of American decorative arts.
Dendrochronology (counting the growth rings) performed on the oak
cellar joists and hearth supports indicated that in six out of the
nine samples the trees from which the parts were hewn were felled in
1750, in the autumn or winter when the growth season had ended.
Three joists were cut earlier, one in 1747, one in 1748, and one in
1718.
18
Quoted in Roderic H. Blackburn, Dutch Colonial Homes in America
(Rizzoli, New York, 2002), p. 43.
19
The America of 1750: Peter Kalm's Travels in North America,
trans. and ed. Adolph B. Benson, rev. ed. (Dover Publications, New
York, 1966), vol. 1, p. 356. The only completely intact surviving
eighteenth-century example is in the Jean Hasbrouck House in New
Paltz, New York.
20
Zink, "Dutch Frames Houses," p. 272.
21
Jeremias Van Rensselaer (1632-1674) emphasized the significance
Dutch colonists placed on anchor beams. Referring to his new house,
Van Rensselaer stated in 1666, "as to the joists being too heavy, I
never heard any one say so, except that one beam, which lies before
the chimney, is a very thick and heavy timber. And they ought not to
be much thinner, for owing to the extra width of the house all
depends on the joists, which have no corbels to stiffen them...the
chamber story also has good beams, not too heavy, and of dressed
lumber, free from knots" (quoted ibid., p. 283).
22
Peter R. Christoph was commissioned to research the lives of Daniel
Peter Winne (1720-1800), his ancestors, and his descendants (see
notes 8, 9, and 27). See also Foyd I. Brewer, Florence A. Christoph,
and Peter R. Christoph, "Three Centuries at a Winne Family
Farmstead: an Interdisciplinary Study," de Halve Maen, vol.
75 (Fall 2002), pp. 42-49.
23
David Steven Cohen, "How Dutch Were the Dutch of New Netherland?,"
New York History, vol. 62 (1981), pp. 43-60.
24
Christoph, "Pieter Winn the Fleming." On September 26, 1658, Pieter
The Fleming was paid five guilders for making a crib for a sick
person, and in June 1670 he was paid for carting a piece of wood for
the gutters on the poorhouse (Deacon's Accounts 165201674, First
Dutch Reformed Church of Beverwyck/Albany, New York, ed. and
trans. Janny Venema [Picton Press, Rockport, Maine, and William
Eerdman's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1998], pp. 53, 215).
25
Ibid., pp. 4 and 5 as quoted in Minutes of the Court of Fort
Orange and Beverwyck, 1652-1660, ed. and trans Arnold J. F. Van
Laer (University of the State of New York, Albany, [1923]), vol. 2,
pp. 209-210; Minutes of the Court of Albany..., ed. and
trans. by Van Laer (University of the State of New York, Albany,
1926-1932), vols. 1-3 passim; "Minutes of the Convention of
Civil and Military Officers, Albany City and County, June 28,
1689-March 20, 1689/90" p. 101, Albany County Hall of Records.
26
Christoph, "Pieter Winne the Fleming." p. 10.
27
Peter R. Christoph, "Daniel Pietersz Winne (c. 1675-1757), 2nd
Generation," report submitted to Peter M. Kenny, Metropolitan Museum
of Art, August 26, 2003, p. 1, curatorial files, department of
American decorative arts.
28
Ibid., p. 1. The Winnes, beginning most likely with Daniel Pietersz,
held lifetime leases at Rensselaerswyck, which entitled the lessee
to something very close to outright ownership and allowed him to
divide the holding among his heirs. He was obligated to remit one
quarter of the purchase price to the lord of the manor if he sold
the land, and he owed a nominal annual payment in produce,
livestock, and labor. See Christoph, "Daniel Peter Winne, 1720-1800,
4th Generation," p. 1. |
